The basic engineering procedure for a VLP construction consists of three main steps: (A) cloning and expression of VLP in the expression system, (B) purification of VLP, and (C) formulation. The first step in VLP production is to clone the viral structural genes of interest and expressed in different expression systems including, prokaryotic (bacteria, yeast) […]
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Virus-like particles (VLPs) are highly structured protein complexes that resemble a native virus capsid ranging 20–800 nm. It is made up of one or more different molecules with the ability to self-assemble and mimicking the form and size of a virus devoid of viral genome and are therefore non-infectious. VLPs in general can be either enveloped […]
Bridge of 2 cells (engagers) By binding with 2 antigens from 2 different cells, the BsAbs can physically link them together, thus these kinds of BsAbs are named “engagers”. The redirecting of immune cells to tumor cells by the engagers makes the immune cell activated and then eliminate the target cells. The T cell engagers […]
Formats of bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) Many formats have been developed for BsAb generation as listed in the following table. Pipeline and MOA (mechanism of action) of bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) Bridge of 2 cells (engagers) By binding with 2 antigens from 2 different cells, the BsAbs can physically link them together, thus these kinds of BsAbs […]
Introduction about bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) are designed to bind two different epitopes or antigens, which leads to multiple mechanistic functions with synergistic effects. The attractive feature is their potential for novel functionalities, which do not exist in mixtures of the parental or reference antibodies. Till now, more than 200 BsAb-based clinical trails […]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections neutralizing antibodies (NAb) Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a main source of health-care related infections, including pneumonia and infections associated with urinary tract, wounds, burns, and the bloodstream. P. aeruginosa invades the eukaryotic host cells through the type III secretion system (T3SS). This T3SS helps the bacteria to translocate effector proteins directly into host cells. Mammalian immune […]
Virus like particles (VLP) for drug delivery VLPs are striking agent to deliver drugs, small molecules or nucleic acids due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability and targeted delivery. Different cargo-loading techniques have been used for loading either inside or outside the capsid. Different packaging system has been shown in fig. 2. Disassembly/reassembly of VLPs or in […]
Human endogenous retroviral envelope protein HERV-W-Env neutralizing antibodies (NAb) Temelimab (formerly called GNbAC1) is an immunoglobulin (Ig) G4 monoclonal antibody that targets the human endogenous retroviral envelope protein HERV-W-Env, shown to be associated with the pathogenesis of certain autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D). By neutralizing HERV-W-Env, temelimab […]
A transmembrane protein (TM) is an integral membrane protein, which are embedded in the cell membrane. The transmembrane region, which directly interacts with the phospholipid bilayer and act as gateways to transport of specific substances across the membrane through signal pathways and cell metabolism. They regularly endure significant conformational changes to move a substance through the membrane. TM are highly hydrophobic, which aggregate […]
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) neutralizing antibodies (NAb) Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) causes life-threatening illness in immunosuppressed patients. HCMV envelope proteins viz. glycoprotein B (gB), gH, gL, gO and UL128/UL130/UL131A are essential for the fusion of virus with the host plasma membranes to enter into the host cell. The gB protein is the direct mediator of cell fusion […]
