Introduction of animal infectious disease

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Abstract - Animal health diagnosis

Animal infectious diseases pose a continuing threat to animal health, food safety, national economy, and the environment. Zoonotic infections, also named as zoonoses, involve veterinary pathogens that are sustained in animal populations but can be transmitted to and cause disease in humans. In the event of veterinary outbreaks, it is essential to make rapid and accurate diagnosis to control and prevent the spread of diseases. Here we discuss different diagnostic methods available to identify animal diseases and zoonotic infections. Efficient diagnosis strategies are critical for controlling and eliminating animal diseases and zoonoses, further protecting and improving animal health, quality, and productivity.

Introduction of animal infectious disease

Animal diseases are globally important diseases and lead to huge economic losses. The emergence of animal disease infections and their worldwide distribution are predisposed by climate change, intense livestock production, illegal movements of animals and humans, regional civil wars and increasing trade.

The spread of infectious diseases has increased the risk of catastrophic animal losses. Some animal diseases can transmit from animals to humans and vice versa, termed zoonoses. Zoonoses encompass some of the most ancient communicable diseases, such as rabies and plague, as well as newly recognized emerging infections, such as hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Routes of transmission of zoonosis to humans through direct contact or through food, water, or the environment, contributing to 61% of infectious organisms affecting humans [1, 2].

Zoonosis can be caused by veterinary pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, mycobacteria, parasites, viruses, and prions. The disease symptoms in humans range from mild and self-limiting to fatal [3]. Table 1 highlights some animal infectious diseases and their veterinary pathogens, in Table 2 we highlight some selected important zoonotic diseases and their veterinary pathogens

Table 1. Some animal infectious diseases and their pathogens.
Avian Avian influenzaavian influenza virusAnti-Avian Influenza Virus Nucleocapsid Protein (NP) mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Anti-Avian Influenza Virus Haemagglutinin (HA) mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Avian mycoplasmosisavian Mycoplasma gallisepticumAnti-Mycoplasma gallisepticum mgc2 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Anti-Mycoplasma gallisepticum mgc3 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Anti-Mycoplasma gallisepticum hemagglutinin protein encoded by pMGA1.2
(a member of the vlhA gene family) mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)

Anti-Mycoplasma gallisepticum mg mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Newcastle diseaseAvian Paramyxovirus Type 1/Newcastle Disease VirusAnti-Avian Paramyxovirus Type 1/Newcastle Disease Virus Nucleocapsid Protein (NP) mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Avian infectious bronchitisAvian infectious bronchitis virusAnti-Infectious Bronchitis Virus Nucleocapsid Protein (NP) mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Fever, coughs, sore throats, diarrhea, and pink eye.Fowl AdenovirusAnti-Fowl Adenovirus fiber mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Infectious bursal/Gumboro diseaseInfectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease) virusAnti-Infectious Bursal Disease Virus VP3 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Anti-Infectious Bursal Disease Virus VP3 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Anti-Infectious Bursal Disease Virus VPX mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Anti-Infectious Bursal Disease Virus VP2 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Fish Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN)Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN)Anti-Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus VP2 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Infectious Salmon Anaemia(ISA)Salmon isavirusAnti-Salmon isavirus Haemagglutinin (HA) mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Anti-Salmon isavirus Nucleocapsid Protein (NP) mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Canine Canine distemper/ footpad diseaseCanine distemper virus (CDV)Anti-Canine Distemper Virus Nucleocapsid Protein (NP) mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
hemorrhagic enteritisCanine parvovirus (CPV)Anti-Canine Parvovirus mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
hepatitis,infectious tracheobronchitis, canine cough.Canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2,CAV-Ⅱ)Anti-canine adenovirus type II mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
rabiesrabies virus (RV)Anti-Rabies virus Glycoprotein NP mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Cat/Feline Feline panleukopenia (FP)Cat (feline) parvovirusAnti-Feline parvovirus VP2 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)Cat Serum amyloid A (SAA)Anti-Feline Serum amyloid A mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Feline LeukemiaFeline Leukemia virus (FeLV)Anti-Feline Leukemia Virus P27 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Rabbit Rabbit Hemorrhagic FeverRabbit Hemorrhagic Fever (RHF)
Swine Encephalitis lethargica, sleeping sickness, sleepy sicknessEpidemic EncephalitisAnti-Ecephalitis mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
speechless, motionlessporcine blue ear virusAnti-Blue ear virus ORF7 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)porcine parvovirusAnti-Porcine Parvovirus VP2 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Anti-Porcine Parvovirus NS-1 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Anti-Porcine Parvovirus mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Foot and mouth disease Aphthovirus/Foot and Mouth Disease Virus(FMDV)Anti-Aphthovirus/Foot and Mouth Disease Virus capsid protein VP1 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Anti-Aphthovirus/Foot and Mouth Disease Virus NSPs-3ABC mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Ruminants Caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) Sheep Caprine arthritis-encephalitis(CAE), Maedi-visna Virus Anti-Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus GP135 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Anti-Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus P25 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Anti-Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus P28 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Anti-Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus Capsid (CAP) mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Anti-Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus Nucleocapsid Protein (NP) mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Anti-Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus matrix proteins mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, Brucellosis Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis (Brucellosis) Anti-Brucella abortus/Brucella melitensis Omp2b mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Anti-Brucella abortus/Brucella melitensis P17 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Anti-Brucella abortus/Brucella melitensis BP26 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Anti-Brucella abortus/Brucella melitensis virB5 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Anti-Brucella abortus/Brucella melitensis OMP28 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Anti-Brucella abortus/Brucella melitensis VirB12 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)/prion Anti-prion PrP mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Anti-prion PrPSc mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Anti-prion PrPRes mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Equine respiratory disease, abortion, neurologic disease equine herpes virus (EHV)
Equine infectious anemia (EIA) Equine infectious anemia virus (EIA) Anti-Equine/Horse infectious anemia Virus Pr55gag mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Anti-Equine/Horse infectious anemia Virus P26 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Table 2. Selected important zoonotic diseases and their veterinary pathogens.
AvianAvian influenzaAvian influenza virusAnti-Avian Influenza Virus NP mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Anti-Avian Influenza Virus Haemagglutinin (HA) mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
CanineRabiesRabies virus (RV)Anti-Rabies virus Glycoprotein NP mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
RuminantsBrucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, BrucellosisBrucella abortus, Brucella melitensis (Brucellosis)Anti-Brucella abortus/Brucella melitensis Omp2b mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Anti-Brucella abortus/Brucella melitensis P17 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Anti-Brucella abortus/Brucella melitensis BP26 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Anti-Brucella abortus/Brucella melitensis virB5 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Anti-Brucella abortus/Brucella melitensis OMP28 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Anti-Brucella abortus/Brucella melitensis VirB12 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
RuminantsBovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)/prionAnti-prion PrP mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Anti-prion PrPSc mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Anti-prion PrPRes mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Unknown (possibly bats)Ebola Hemorrhagic FeverEbola
Rodents, cattleMonkeypox, cowpoxOrthopoxviruses
RodentsHantavirus pulmonary
syndrome, hemorrhagic
fever with renal syndrome,
hantaviral illness
Hantaviruses, Bunyavirus
RodentsLymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, Bolivian (Machupo), Brazilian (Sabia), Argentine (Junin), African (Lassa) hemorrhagic feversArenaviruses
RodentsPlagueYersinia pestis
LivestockQ feverCoxiellaAnti-Coxiella com1 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibiansSalmonellosisSalmonella sppAnti-Salmonella spp mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Wild and domestic animalsLeptospirosisLeptospira interrogans (multiple serovars)
Rabbits, hares, voles, muskrat, beaver, rodentsTularemiaFrancisella tularensis (var tularensis and palaeartica)Anti-Salmonella spp mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Livestock, wild ruminantsHemolytic uremic syndrome/E. coli infectionEscherichia coli O157:H7Anti-Escherichia coli O157:H7 OmpC mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Anti-Escherichia coli O157:H7 Intimin γ1 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
BirdsPsittacosisChlamydia psittaciAnti-Chlamydia psittaci MOMP mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
EquineGlandersBurkholderia malleiAnti-Burkholderia mallei Hcp1 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
CatsCat scratch diseaseBartonella, henselae/quintanaAnti-Bartonella henselae P26 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
LivestockAnthraxBacillus anthracis
Wild and domestic animalsCryptosporidiosisCryptosporidium parvumAnti-Cryptosporidium parvum P23 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Wild and domestic animalsGiardiasisGiardia lambliaAnti-Giardia lamblia α1-giardin mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
FelidsToxoplasmosisToxoplasma gondiiAnti-Toxoplasma gondii P30 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Dogs, cats, raccoonsLarval migransToxocara canis, T. cati, Baylisascaris procyonis
Dogs, cats, raccoonsCutaneous larval migransAncylostoma spp., Strongyloides spp.
Swine, rodents, wild carnivoresTrichinosisTrichinella spp.Anti-Trichinella cystatin-like protein mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Mammals, some birdsDermatophytosis (ringworm)Microsporum canis, Trichophyton
Table 2. Selected important zoonotic diseases and their veterinary pathogens.
AvianAvian influenzaAvian influenza virusMouse anti-avian influenza virus monoclonal antibody
CanineRabiesRabies virus (RV)Mouse anti-rabies virus (RV)monoclonal antibodies
RuminantsBrucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, BrucellosisBrucella abortus, Brucella melitensis (Brucellosis)Mouse anti-Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis (Brucellosis) monoclonal antibody
RuminantsBovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)/prionMouse anti-Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) monoclonal antibody
Unknown (possibly bats)Ebola Hemorrhagic FeverEbola
Rodents, cattleMonkeypox, cowpoxOrthopoxviruses
RodentsHantavirus pulmonary
syndrome, hemorrhagic
fever with renal syndrome,
hantaviral illness
Hantaviruses, Bunyavirus
RodentsLymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, Bolivian (Machupo), Brazilian (Sabia), Argentine (Junin), African (Lassa) hemorrhagic feversArenaviruses
RodentsPlagueYersinia pestis
LivestockQ feverCoxiella burnettii
Birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibiansSalmonellosisSalmonella spp. (multiple serovars)
Wild and domestic animalsLeptospirosisLeptospira interrogans (multiple serovars)
Rabbits, hares, voles, muskrat, beaver, rodentsTularemiaFrancisella tularensis (var tularensis and palaeartica)
Livestock, wild ruminantsHemolytic uremic syndrome/E. coli infectionEscherichia coli O157:H7
BirdsPsittacosisChlamydophila psittaci
EquineGlandersBurkholderia mallei
CatsCat scratch diseaseBartonella, henselae/quintana
LivestockAnthraxBacillus anthracis
Wild and domestic animalsCryptosporidiosisCryptosporidium parvum
Wild and domestic animalsGiardiasisGiardia lambia
FelidsToxoplasmosisToxoplasma gondii
Dogs, cats, raccoonsLarval migransToxocara canis, T. cati, Baylisascaris procyonis
Dogs, cats, raccoonsCutaneous larval migransAncylostoma spp., Strongyloides spp.
Swine, rodents, wild carnivoresTrichinosisTrichinella spp.
Mammals, some birdsDermatophytosis (ringworm)Microsporum canis, Trichophyton

Summary

In the recent years, importance of animal disease and their public health effects have been well recognized worldwide. Animal disease, more significantly, zoonotic disease cause human mortality and morbidity, and also affect livestock’s production, decrease availability of food and create barriers for international trade. Rapid diagnosis is critical for the implementation of efficient control strategies against animal disease and zoonotic disease. Understanding animal disease infection dynamics and collecting appropriate specimens at the appropriate time window are also important to obtain reliable diagnostic results. A number of virological and serological methods have been developed and used for animal disease diagnostic testing. RT-PCR is the method of common choice for the detection of animal disease; IHC combined with hematoxylin and eosin staining has also been commonly used to examine histopathological lesions caused by animal disease. Success rate of virus isolation in cell cultures has been low. Serological assays can provide information about previous exposure to animal disease and also determine antibody responses to infection or vaccination when vaccines are available. Rolling out serological test would be an effective strategy to determine the percentage of the population that is immune and have shown no symptoms for the animal disease. Thereby, determining the exact magnitude of the outbreak and enabling governments to assess containment strategies to slow down the spread. The major drawbacks with these immunoassays are their accuracy and sensitivity of the test results. Therefore, there needs to be extensive research and testing done to develop new cost-effective methods to quickly and easily determine animal disease infection. Whereas, any such emerging approach must be carefully evaluated for its efficiency, accuracy, and linear range. The FDA approval and evaluation of each diagnostic technique is necessary before it can be used in practice.

Full product list: Avian, Fish, Pet, Pig, Ruminants

Validated animal health diagnostic antibodies pairs and antigens for animal infectious diseases diagnostic testing in ELISA, Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) and other immunoassays.

GeneMedi offers paired antibodies and antigens for Animal Health Diagnostic testing including most of the infectious disease in different animals:Avian(birds), fish, pets(cat, dog, rabbit), pig, ruminants(cow, goat, sheep, ox, cattle, bull) and so on(please see below).

All our animal health diagnostic antibodies and antigens for antimals infectious diseases test are suitable for in functional sandiwich ELISA, and other immunoassays in diagnostics. The antibodies can act as a capture antibody and detection antibody. The antigens can be used for antibodies rapid test of infectious disease.

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