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Fishes are susceptible to diseases caused by a large number of infectious agents including viruses, bacteria, true fungi, fungal-like microrganisms, other protists, and metazoans. The major impact is on farms that rear young fish where cumulative mortality can reach 90–100%. In addition to direct losses due to mortality, the disease has a negative impact on […]

Common health problems and infections are a constant threat to the health and welfare of horses. Several diseases have assumed greater importance as the performance and pleasure horse populations and equine activities have increased and there are new owners who do not understand the implications of equine infectious disease outbreaks to their animals. In addition, […]

Pork accounts for more than one-third of meat produced worldwide and is an important component of global food security, agricultural economies, and trade. Infectious diseases are among the primary constraints to swine production, and the globalization of the swine industry has contributed to the emergence and spread of pathogens. Infectious diseases result in direct losses […]

Ruminants continue to be important in their traditional role in agricultural. In addition, ruminants play a vital role in the economy of poor, deprived, backward classes, and landless labors of developing countries. To make this small ruminant-based economy viable and sustainable, development of techniques for early and accurate diagnosis holds prime importance. However, ruminants suffer […]

The companion animals such as dogs and cats are susceptible to many diseases including personnel illnesses and infection. Infectious diseases are transmitted by contact with infected dogs or cats or wildlife. Disease causing agents (pathogens) include parasites, viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. Hundreds of these infectious pathogens have the potential to be transmitted between dogs, […]

Managing the deer population is essential to maintaining or improving forest health. It plays a crucial role in the ecosystem, providing food for large predators such as gray wolves (Canis lupis), cougars (Puma concolor), bobcats (Lynx rufus), and coyotes (Canis latrans). They feed primarily on grasses, herbaceous plants, fruits, and legumes and are active throughout […]

Goats are important domestic animals in many parts of the world. They provide substance in the form of food and clothing. The rising demand for goat meat, milk, and cheese offers commercial goat production opportunities. Goats are also a source of immediate income. The management of goat health is a critical aspect for improving goat […]

A sound management program to keep animals healthy is basic to production of both sheep and goats. Producers must observe animals closely to keep individual animals and the whole herd or flock healthy and productive. To recognize clinical signs of diseases common to sheep and goats, it is important to be familiar with what is […]

Cattle diseases cost millions of money losses every year. In addition to death, they cause loss of production and frequently a loss of body condition. Unhealthy animals require more food and take longer time for growth than healthy ones. Generally, animals are born free of diseases or parasites. But they usually acquire these diseases either […]